On October 22, 1998, the Department of Justice and the Environmental Protection Agency announced a Clean Air Act settlement with seven major manufacturers of diesel engines, including Navistar International Transportation Corp. The companies resolved claims that they violated the Act by installing so-called “defeat devices” on heavy duty diesel engines – computer software that turned off the engine emission control system during highway driving. The settlement, which included $83.4 million in total civil penalties, required the implementation of tighter emission limits for diesel truck engines manufactured by the companies. Navistar, alleged to have produced 78,000 engines containing defeat devices since 1994, agreed to pay a civil penalty of $2.9 million and contribute $350,000 to an environmental testing program to be conducted with the other settling companies.